GCSE Biology (AQA)

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Cell Differentiation

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Cell Biology Cell Structure

Cell Differentiation

2:09 Cell Specialisation and Differentiation
Spec 4.1.1.4
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  • Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized as an organism develops.
  • A typical animal cell before differentiation is shown, containing familiar features.
  • Undifferentiated animal cells can divide and differentiate into specialized cells such as muscle cells and nerve cells.
  • Some cells become highly specialized to perform only one function, like red blood cells.
  • During differentiation, cells develop specific structures to perform particular functions.
  • Examples of specialized plant cells include leaf cells with chloroplasts for photosynthesis and root hair cells for absorbing water and minerals.
  • These plant cells develop from early cells in seeds.
  • In animals, most cell differentiation occurs early in development, while still in the uterus, starting a few days after fertilization.
  • Postnatal cell division and differentiation in animals are mostly restricted to repair and replacement, such as healing cuts or producing new blood cells in bone marrow.
  • In plants, many cell types retain the ability to differentiate throughout the plant's life, allowing for regeneration and seasonal growth changes.
  • The ability to differentiate is crucial for both animal and plant development and survival.

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