GCSE Biology (AQA)

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Specialised Plant Cells

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Cell Biology Cell Structure

Specialised Plant Cells

4:54 Cell Specialisation and Differentiation
Spec 4.1.1.3 4.2.3.2
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  • Specialized cells in plants perform specific functions and develop unique subcellular structures like cell organelles.
  • Examples of specialized cells include root hair cells, xylem cells, and phloem cells.
  • For exams, students need to recognize, draw, and interpret images of these cells and link their structures to their functions.
  • Root hair cells specialize in absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil, featuring long thin extensions that increase surface area for absorption.
  • Root hair cells contain a large vacuole, mitochondria for energy, and ribosomes for protein synthesis, all crucial for their function.
  • Xylem cells transport water and mineral ions from roots to other parts of the plant through long tubes made from elongated dead cells, reinforced with lignin.
  • The xylem's structure, lacking end walls and having thick walls strengthened by lignin, facilitates the one-way flow of water and minerals in a process called transpiration.
  • Phloem cells transport dissolved sugars and amino acids, requiring energy from external cells.
  • Phloem tubes are made from living cells arranged end-to-end, lacking a nucleus but having pores in their end walls to allow cytoplasm to flow and carry nutrients.
  • Students must understand and explain the adaptations of root hair cells, xylem, and phloem for their exams.

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