GCSE Combined Science (AQA)

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Comparing Types of Nuclear Decay

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Atomic structure Atoms and nuclear radiation

Comparing Types of Nuclear Decay

2:35 Types of Radiation
Spec 4.4.2.1
Previous Gamma Rays Next Photosynthesis
  • Different radiation types have different properties.
  • Free neutrons and protons are types of radiation but not covered in detail at GCSE.
  • Each radiation type takes a different form and has different compositions.
  • Alpha radiation is the same as a helium nucleus, consisting of two protons and two neutrons, and is emitted to reduce the size of a nucleus.
  • Beta radiation is a free electron originating in the nucleus, reducing the number of neutrons by turning one into a proton.
  • Gamma radiation is a high-frequency form of electromagnetic radiation, releasing excess energy of the nucleus.
  • The range in air measures how far radiation can travel naturally.
  • Alpha radiation travels only a few centimeters as it interacts with air.
  • Beta radiation travels a few meters as it interacts with air.
  • Gamma radiation travels the furthest as it barely interacts with air.
  • Ionizing power is the ability to add or remove electrons from atoms.
  • Alpha particles are the most ionizing due to their strong positive charge.
  • Beta particles are less ionizing with a smaller negative charge.
  • Gamma rays are the least ionizing, needing to be absorbed by an electron to ionize it.
  • A table describes which radiations are absorbed and stopped by which materials.
  • A Geiger Muer tube can determine radiation type by holding it behind different materials.
  • Alpha radiation can be stopped by a sheet of paper.
  • Beta particles can be stopped by thin aluminum sheets.
  • Gamma rays can be stopped by thick lead.
  • Comparing these properties is a popular exam question and helps choose appropriate radiation for situations.
  • Familiarity with the table of radiation properties is important.

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