Network hardware (LANs)

Network Interface Controller (NIC):
- Provides the bridge between a device and a network.
- Can be wired (RJ45 Ethernet port) or wireless (radio transmitter/receiver for WiFi).
- Nowadays this is usually integrated into the motherboard.
Switch:
- Connects multiple devices to form a wired network.
- Learns MAC addresses to forward data securely only to intended devices.
- Supports star topology.
- Can connect with other switches to increase devices on network.
Router:
- Connects different networks (e.g. home LAN to the Internet).
- Uses IP addresses to determine where to send data packets.
- Key for packet switching on the Internet.
- Often combined with switch and wireless access point in home broadband routers.
Wireless Access Point (WAP):
- Connects wireless devices to a wired network via a switch.
- Broadcasts the WiFi network’s SSID (network name).
- Uses encryption (WPA2-PSK) and authentication to prevent unauthorised access.

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