Topic Summaries

Industrial: Franco-Prussian rivalry between Pasteur and Koch

Modern: WWII funding of penicillin

Modern: WWI and WWII advancements

Renaissance: Paré stress of saving lives

Medieval: Islamic spread of knowledge

Renaissance: decline in religious authority led to more scientific approaches

Medieval: the church provided some aid during the plagues

Renaissance: closing of monasteries allowed for the hospital

Medieval: Galen

Industrial: Pasteur, Koch, Jenner

Modern: Fleming, Beveridge

Renaissance: Pare, Vesalius

Industrial: Lister, Simpson

Modern: Gillies

Industrial: Chadwick, Snow, Bazalgette

Modern: Beveridge and Bevan

Industrial: laissez faire originally but later funded research (Pasteur)

Modern: supported antibiotic production and health campaigns

Industrial: public health acts, Great Stink

Modern: NHS, welfare state

Industrial: initially poor funding; later government invested in Germ Theory.

Modern: US & UK wartime investment allowed penicillin production; NHS funded via National Insurance

Industrial: carbolic acid expensive and unpopular.

Modern: NHS made surgery more accessible, but rising costs put pressure on resources

Industrial: poverty in cities worsened slum conditions; Chadwick’s report

Modern: welfare state aimed to reduce longterm costs through improved health

Renaissance: the printing press spread ideas.

Industrial: microscopes allowed Koch to identify specific bacteria; telegraph spread findings

Industrial: antiseptics, chloroform as anesthetic

Modern: MRI, CT scans, blood transfusions, heart surgery, prosthetics

Industrial: sewer systems, improved water supplies.

Modern: public health databases, national screening programs, advanced diagnostics (e.g. DNA analysis)