Topic Summaries
Mitosis and meiosis
Transport Systems
Blood and heart disease
Stem cells, microscopy, and microorganisms
Transport in cells
Human health and enzymes
Plant transport systems
Pathogens and non-specific immunity
The immune system and drugs
Plant disease and monoclonal antibodies
Photosynthesis and respiration
The nervous system and homeostasis
The brain and the eye
Hormone regulation and waste excretion
Reproductive hormones and plant hormones
Cell division, reproduction, and DNA structure
DNA synthesis and inheritance
Genetic engineering and modification
Evolution and natural selection
Species and classification
Resource cycles and environmental change
Biodiversity and environmental management
Biomass and trophic levels
Food supply and biotechnology
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
Transport Systems
Blood and heart disease
Stem cells, microscopy, and microorganisms
Transport in cells
Human health and enzymes
Plant transport systems
Pathogens and non-specific immunity
The immune system and drugs
Plant disease and monoclonal antibodies
Photosynthesis and respiration
The nervous system and homeostasis
The brain and the eye
Hormone regulation and waste excretion
Reproductive hormones and plant hormones
Cell division, reproduction, and DNA structure
DNA synthesis and inheritance
Genetic engineering and modification
Evolution and natural selection
Species and classification
Resource cycles and environmental change
Biodiversity and environmental management
Biomass and trophic levels
Food supply and biotechnology
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
- Mitosis: cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.
- Stage 1 – Interphase: cell growth, increase in number of organelles, DNA replicates so there are 2 copies of each chromosome (diploid).
- Stage 2 – Mitosis: one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides.
- Stage 3 – Cytokinesis: cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical daughter cells.
- Mitosis is important in the growth and development of multicellular organisms. It also replaces old or damaged cells.
- Meiosis: cells in reproductive organs divide to form gametes, halving the number of chromosomes. Copies of the genetic information are made, and the cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes.
- All gametes are genetically different from each other. They fuse at fertilisation, forming a zygote and restoring the full number of chromosomes.
- Meiosis leads to non-identical cells being formed.
- The zygote divides by mitosis, increasing the number of cells to form an embryo, and the cells differentiate as the embryo develops.
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