Topic Summaries
Apparatus and equipment
Transport Systems
Blood and heart disease
Stem cells, microscopy, and microorganisms
Transport in cells
Human health and enzymes
Plant transport systems
Pathogens and non-specific immunity
The immune system and drugs
Plant disease and monoclonal antibodies
Photosynthesis and respiration
The nervous system and homeostasis
The brain and the eye
Hormone regulation and waste excretion
Reproductive hormones and plant hormones
Cell division, reproduction, and DNA structure
DNA synthesis and inheritance
Genetic engineering and modification
Evolution and natural selection
Species and classification
Resource cycles and environmental change
Biodiversity and environmental management
Biomass and trophic levels
Food supply and biotechnology
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
Transport Systems
Blood and heart disease
Stem cells, microscopy, and microorganisms
Transport in cells
Human health and enzymes
Plant transport systems
Pathogens and non-specific immunity
The immune system and drugs
Plant disease and monoclonal antibodies
Photosynthesis and respiration
The nervous system and homeostasis
The brain and the eye
Hormone regulation and waste excretion
Reproductive hormones and plant hormones
Cell division, reproduction, and DNA structure
DNA synthesis and inheritance
Genetic engineering and modification
Evolution and natural selection
Species and classification
Resource cycles and environmental change
Biodiversity and environmental management
Biomass and trophic levels
Food supply and biotechnology
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
| Apparatus | Symbol |
| Bunsen burner: provides a constant flow of heat to a substance |  |
| Beaker: stores water or other fluids. Other containers like canonical flasks may also be used depending on the experiment. |  |
| Test tube: holds a small amount of liquid. Larger tubes for heating are called boiling tubes. |  |
| Tripod: a stand that a Bunsen burner can be placed under. Gauze can be used to place a beaker on top. |  |
| Clamp stand: can be used in conjunction with clamps and bosses to suspend test tubes and other equipment in the air. |  |
| Funnel: directs liquid into a test tube or another container. |  |
- Various equipment can be used to take measurements during experiments. More precise equipment will lead to better results.
- Choosing the correct equipment and calibrating regularly can help ensure reliable results and reduce random errors.
| Equipment | Used to measure |
| Ruler | Length |
| Measuring cylinder | Volume |
| Stopwatch | Time |
| Thermometer | Temperature |
| Pan balance/scale | Mass |
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