Topic Summaries

Profit is the surplus money after subtracting costs from income. It is key to evaluating a business’s financial health.

The Statement of Profit and Loss is a document summarises revenues and expenses over a set period (usually a financial year).

• The key elements of a Statement of Profit or Loss are:
  • Revenue: total income from sales.
  • Cost of Sales: direct costs of producing goods/services.
  • Gross Profit: Revenue – Cost of Sales.
  • Expenses: operating costs such as rent, wages, and marketing.
  • Net Profit: final profit after all deductions.

• For example, if Revenue = £10,000, Cost of Sales = £6,000, and expenses = £2,500:
  • Gross Profit = £10,000 – £6,000 = £4,000
  • Net Profit = £4,000 – £2,500 = £1,500
• Importance of profit:
  • Reward for risk: entrepreneurs invest time and capital; profit is their return. For example, the Airbnb founders bet on the unproven idea of strangers renting out their homes, but this risk paid off and changed the marketplace of short-term accommodation.
  • Reinvestment: enables growth, innovation, and upgrades. For example, the clothing brand AYBL used substantial profits in 2023– 2024 to invest in logistics, international warehousing, and supply expansion to support future growth.
  • Success indicator: a profitable business attracts investors and improves creditworthiness. For example, a fitness startup uses profits to add new gym equipment and improve its app, enhancing customer experience and long-term growth.
  • Investor attraction: investors look for profitable ventures with growth potential. For example, Pret A Manger used its strong profits throughout the 2000s to attract the private equity firm Bridgepoint who acquired a major stake in the company in 2008, facilitating its expansion across Europe and internationally.