Topic Summaries

Lactic acid accumulation (HT ONLY)

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Stem cells, microscopy, and microorganisms

Pathogens and non-specific immunity

Plant disease and monoclonal antibodies

Resource cycles and environmental change

  • If insufficient oxygen is supplied, anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles to provide energy, causing a build-up of lactic acid, which causes cramps and muscle fatigue, so they stop contracting efficiently.
  • Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back into glucose. Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen required after exercise to react with lactic acid to remove it from cells.

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