Topic Summaries
The immune system
Transport Systems
Blood and heart disease
Stem cells, microscopy, and microorganisms
Transport in cells
Human health and enzymes
Plant transport systems
Pathogens and non-specific immunity
The immune system and drugs
Plant disease and monoclonal antibodies
Photosynthesis and respiration
The nervous system and homeostasis
The brain and the eye
Hormone regulation and waste excretion
Reproductive hormones and plant hormones
Cell division, reproduction, and DNA structure
DNA synthesis and inheritance
Genetic engineering and modification
Evolution and natural selection
Species and classification
Resource cycles and environmental change
Biodiversity and environmental management
Biomass and trophic levels
Food supply and biotechnology
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
Transport Systems
Blood and heart disease
Stem cells, microscopy, and microorganisms
Transport in cells
Human health and enzymes
Plant transport systems
Pathogens and non-specific immunity
The immune system and drugs
Plant disease and monoclonal antibodies
Photosynthesis and respiration
The nervous system and homeostasis
The brain and the eye
Hormone regulation and waste excretion
Reproductive hormones and plant hormones
Cell division, reproduction, and DNA structure
DNA synthesis and inheritance
Genetic engineering and modification
Evolution and natural selection
Species and classification
Resource cycles and environmental change
Biodiversity and environmental management
Biomass and trophic levels
Food supply and biotechnology
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
- If pathogens make it past the non-specific defence system and enter the body, the immune system will coordinate a response to destroy them.
- White blood cells defend against pathogens by:
- Phagocytosis:
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- Antibodies: are specific to each antigen and bind to the antigens of multiple pathogens to clump them together for phagocytosis.
- Antibody production: lymphocytes detect foreign antigens (proteins on surface of cells) on pathogens and respond by producing antibodies.
- If infected by the same pathogen again, memory lymphocytes recognise the antigens and produce a larger number of specific antibodies faster.
- Antitoxin production: lymphocytes form a special antibody called antitoxins, which bind to and neutralise harmful toxins produced by the pathogen.
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