Topic Summaries
Uses of radiation
Energy and power
Renewable energy and efficiency
Charge, current, and electric fields
Potential difference and resistors
Electricity
Volume and gases
States of matter and heat capacity
Radiation
Nuclear fusion and fission
Forces
Velocity and acceleration
Gravity and Newton's Laws
Moments and elastic potential
Pressure
Stopping, braking, and momentum
Properties of waves
Electromagnetic waves
Refraction and lenses
Light, colour, and ray diagrams
Absorbing and emitting infrared radiation
Magnetic fields
Motor effect, generator effect, and transformers
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
Energy and power
Renewable energy and efficiency
Charge, current, and electric fields
Potential difference and resistors
Electricity
Volume and gases
States of matter and heat capacity
Radiation
Nuclear fusion and fission
Forces
Velocity and acceleration
Gravity and Newton's Laws
Moments and elastic potential
Pressure
Stopping, braking, and momentum
Properties of waves
Electromagnetic waves
Refraction and lenses
Light, colour, and ray diagrams
Absorbing and emitting infrared radiation
Magnetic fields
Motor effect, generator effect, and transformers
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
- The hazards and uses associated with radioactive isotopes depend on their half-lives:
- Short half-lives mean isotopes are dangerous for a short period of time but are safe in the long term.
- Long half-lives mean isotopes cause little irradiation but could cause damage through long-term exposure.
- Radioactive isotopes can be used as radioactive tracers.
- Technetium-99 or another radioactive liquid is injected into the body and absorbed by an organ or system. The radiation it emits is detected outside the body.
- Gamma emitters should be used as they cause minimal damage from inside the body. They should also have short half-lives so they can be detected but don’t cause long-term damage.
- Radiation can be used in cancer treatment:
- Intense gamma radiation can be directed at a tumour from outside the body to kill cancerous cells.
- An alpha or beta emitter can be injected into the body to supply radiation directly to the tumour.
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