Topic Summaries
Cloning
Transport Systems
Blood and heart disease
Stem cells, microscopy, and microorganisms
Transport in cells
Human health and enzymes
Plant transport systems
Pathogens and non-specific immunity
The immune system and drugs
Plant disease and monoclonal antibodies
Photosynthesis and respiration
The nervous system and homeostasis
The brain and the eye
Hormone regulation and waste excretion
Reproductive hormones and plant hormones
Cell division, reproduction, and DNA structure
DNA synthesis and inheritance
Genetic engineering and modification
Evolution and natural selection
Species and classification
Resource cycles and environmental change
Biodiversity and environmental management
Biomass and trophic levels
Food supply and biotechnology
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
Transport Systems
Blood and heart disease
Stem cells, microscopy, and microorganisms
Transport in cells
Human health and enzymes
Plant transport systems
Pathogens and non-specific immunity
The immune system and drugs
Plant disease and monoclonal antibodies
Photosynthesis and respiration
The nervous system and homeostasis
The brain and the eye
Hormone regulation and waste excretion
Reproductive hormones and plant hormones
Cell division, reproduction, and DNA structure
DNA synthesis and inheritance
Genetic engineering and modification
Evolution and natural selection
Species and classification
Resource cycles and environmental change
Biodiversity and environmental management
Biomass and trophic levels
Food supply and biotechnology
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
- Cloning is the asexual reproduction or artificial reproduction of an organism to produce genetically identical offspring or organism. For example, plant cloning can be used to grow identical new plants.
- Methods of plant cloning:
- Tissue culture: taking small groups of cells from part of a plant and placing them in a growth medium to grow identical new plants. This is used commercially in nurseries or to preserve rare plant species.
- Cuttings: this is an older and simpler method used by gardners whereby offcuts of a plant are treated with plant hormones and placed in soil to develop roots.
- Animal cloning via embryo transplants:
- Cells from a developing embryo are taken before they become specialised.
- The cells are split from each other and transplanted into the wombs of multiple host animals, and the separated cells develop into identical embryos, forming multiple identical offspring.
- This is illegal in humans.
- Adult cell cloning: when the embryo is a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult animal to continue its development. The embryo contains the same genetic information as the adult body cell whose nucleus was inserted into the ovum.
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