Topic Summaries
Seismic waves (HT ONLY)
Energy and power
Renewable energy and efficiency
Charge, current, and electric fields
Potential difference and resistors
Electricity
Volume and gases
States of matter and heat capacity
Radiation
Nuclear fusion and fission
Forces
Velocity and acceleration
Gravity and Newton's Laws
Moments and elastic potential
Stopping, braking, and momentum
Properties of waves
Electromagnetic waves
Refraction and lenses
Light, colour, and ray diagrams
Absorbing and emitting infrared radiation
Magnetic fields
Motor effect, generator effect, and transformers
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
Energy and power
Renewable energy and efficiency
Charge, current, and electric fields
Potential difference and resistors
Electricity
Volume and gases
States of matter and heat capacity
Radiation
Nuclear fusion and fission
Forces
Velocity and acceleration
Gravity and Newton's Laws
Moments and elastic potential
Stopping, braking, and momentum
Properties of waves
Electromagnetic waves
Refraction and lenses
Light, colour, and ray diagrams
Absorbing and emitting infrared radiation
Magnetic fields
Motor effect, generator effect, and transformers
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
- Earthquakes will produce seismic waves.
- P-waves are longitudinal seismic waves. They will travel through solids and liquids at different speeds.
- S-waves are transverse seismic waves. They can only travel through solids.
- The analysis of seismic waves and their reflections and transmissions inside the Earth has provided evidence to scientists about the Earth’s structure and the properties of its three layers:
- Mantle: solid outer layer of the Earth. All seismic waves can travel through it.
- Outer core: liquid layer, meaning S-waves cannot travel through it.
- Inner core: solid layer, meaning the P-waves that reach it will change speed.
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