Topic Summaries
Glacial landforms resulting from transportation and deposition
Natural and tectonic hazards
Earth layers and earthquakes
Tectonic plate margins
Responses to tectonic hazards
Risks of tectonic hazards
Weather hazards and atmospheric circulation
Tropical storm hazards
Responding to tropical storms
Climate change
Components and characteristics of ecosystems
Tropical rainforest ecosystems
Hot desert ecosystems
Cold environment ecosystems
Coastal landscapes
Coastal landform processes
Management strategies for coastal landscapes
River landscapes
Fluvial landform processes
Management strategies for floods
Glacial landscapes
Glacial landform processes
Patterns of urban change
Urban sustainability and patterns of urban development
Global development gap and global aid
Rapid economic development
Economic changes in the UK
Resource management
Food supply
Food supply and water supply
Water supply
Natural and tectonic hazards
Earth layers and earthquakes
Tectonic plate margins
Responses to tectonic hazards
Risks of tectonic hazards
Weather hazards and atmospheric circulation
Tropical storm hazards
Responding to tropical storms
Climate change
Components and characteristics of ecosystems
Tropical rainforest ecosystems
Hot desert ecosystems
Cold environment ecosystems
Coastal landscapes
Coastal landform processes
Management strategies for coastal landscapes
River landscapes
Fluvial landform processes
Management strategies for floods
Glacial landscapes
Glacial landform processes
Patterns of urban change
Urban sustainability and patterns of urban development
Global development gap and global aid
Rapid economic development
Economic changes in the UK
Resource management
Food supply
Food supply and water supply
Water supply
- Erratics: large boulders deposited in an area of different rock type. They appear incongruous compared to the surrounding geology. They are formed when glaciers pick up rocks from one area as they move. These rocks are transported long distances and deposited when the glacier melts.
- Drumlins: smooth, elongated hills made of glacial till (unsorted material). They are steep at one end (stoss) and gently sloping at the other (lee). They are formed when glaciers deposit unsorted material (known as till) as they lose energy. As the glacier continues to move, it reshapes the deposited material into a streamlined, elongated hill called a drumlin. The steep stoss end (upstream end) faces the direction from which the glacier originated, while the tapered lee end (downstream end) points in the direction the glacier was moving.
- Moraines:
- Lateral moraine: ridge of material deposited along the sides of a glacier. These are formed when rocks and debris fall from the valley walls onto the glacier and are deposited by freeze-thawing.
- Medial moraine: ridge of material running down the centre of a glacier. These are formed when two glaciers meet, their lateral moraines combine to form a medial moraine.
- Terminal moraine: ridge of material deposited at the glacier’s furthest point. These are formed when the glacier pushes material ahead of it through bulldozing, depositing this material at its snout when it melts.
- Ground moraine: material unevenly spread across the valley floor. These are formed when material is deposited as the glacier melts and retreats.
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