Topic Summaries
Extending springs
Energy and power
Renewable energy and efficiency
Charge, current, and electric fields
Potential difference and resistors
Electricity
Volume and gases
States of matter and heat capacity
Radiation
Nuclear fusion and fission
Forces
Velocity and acceleration
Gravity and Newton's Laws
Moments and elastic potential
Pressure
Stopping, braking, and momentum
Properties of waves
Electromagnetic waves
Refraction and lenses
Light, colour, and ray diagrams
Absorbing and emitting infrared radiation
Magnetic fields
Motor effect, generator effect, and transformers
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
Energy and power
Renewable energy and efficiency
Charge, current, and electric fields
Potential difference and resistors
Electricity
Volume and gases
States of matter and heat capacity
Radiation
Nuclear fusion and fission
Forces
Velocity and acceleration
Gravity and Newton's Laws
Moments and elastic potential
Pressure
Stopping, braking, and momentum
Properties of waves
Electromagnetic waves
Refraction and lenses
Light, colour, and ray diagrams
Absorbing and emitting infrared radiation
Magnetic fields
Motor effect, generator effect, and transformers
Science skills: Experimental procedures
Science skills: Presenting and using data
Science skills: Measuring results
- The force required to stretch a spring is given by \(\text{force}=\text{spring constant}\times\text{extension}\).
- The spring constant, or stiffness of a spring, determines how difficult it is to stretch. It is the force required to stretch the spring by 1 m, given in N/m. This equation can also be written as \(F=ke\) where:
- \(F\) is the force causing the extension in N
- \(k\) is the spring constant in N/m
- \(e\) is the extension in m
- This equation can also be applied when e instead represents the distance the spring has been compressed.
- This equation will only apply to springs that have not been stretched beyond their limit of proportionality.
- This is the extension after which force is no longer proportional to extension.
- Inelastic deformation starts after this point.
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