Topic Summaries

The socialisation process

A-Level > Sociology > AQA > A Level Sociology Topic Summaries > Culture and identity > The socialisation process
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Exam overview
  • Primary socialisation: occurs within the family and teaches children the basic norms and values of their culture. 👤 Parsons (1951) argues it integrates individuals into society and maintains stability.
    • Feminists argue it also transmits gender inequality through traditional role models.
  • Secondary socialisation:
    • Schools: schools teach both the formal curriculum and the hidden curriculum, which includes obedience, punctuality, and respect for authority.
      • Marxists see the hidden curriculum as reproducing class inequality, while functionalists argue it reinforces shared values.
    • Media: the media influences attitudes, lifestyles, and identities. 👤 McRobbie’s (1999) research on girls’ magazines in the 1970s highlighted traditional gender roles, while later studies show shifts toward independence.
      • Audience reception theories argue individuals can interpret media messages differently, resisting stereotypes.
    • Peer groups: peers influence behaviour through shared activities, acceptance, and sanctions such as teasing or exclusion. This is particularly strong during adolescence.
      • Peer influence can reinforce or challenge dominant norms depending on group values.
    • Religion: can shape moral beliefs, cultural practices, and community identity. It may be a strong influence in some ethnic groups.
      • Secularisation reduces its impact in many societies.
    • Workplace: the workplace socialises individuals into professional norms, skills, and responsibilities.
      • This may be less relevant for those in unstable or informal employment.

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