Topic Summaries

Development factors

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  • Employment:
    • Formal jobs bring security
    • Informality dominates in many regions; women concentrated in precarious work
      • Labour standards and upgrading matter.
  • Education:
    • Raises productivity and agency
    • Functionalists stress skills whereas Neo-Marxists stress reproduction
      • Outcomes depend on quality and equity.
  • Health:
    • Public health and universal coverage amplify human capital
    • North–South gaps persist
      • Preventive spend has high ROI.
  • Demography:
    • Youth bulges shift labour markets and politics
    • Demographic transition model explains transitions
      • Leverage dividends with jobs and education.
  • Gender:
    • Inequality cuts GDP and human development
    • Empowerment through schooling, land rights, finance, and representation
      • Intersectionality shapes impact.

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