Topic Summaries

Lung anatomy

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Plant disease and monoclonal antibodies

The brain and the eye

Reproductive hormones and plant hormones

Genetic engineering and modification

Resource cycles and environmental change

  • Carbon dioxide is removed from the blood in the lungs to prevent the pH of the blood becoming too acidic.

  • Lungs are adapted for gas exchange:

    • Alveoli have a thin wall only one cell thick so there is a short distance for diffusion.

    • Moist membrane accelerates the diffusion of gases.

    • Shape of alveoli provides large surface area for diffusion.

    • Extensive capillary network surrounding alveoli.

    • Well-ventilated to maintain a large diffusion gradient.

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